Output from stepdiab.sas	Source 0 Graphs

                                Diabetes Data                                1

         (100 gone.)                (127 gone.)                (112 gone.)
    400 +                      400 +                      400 +
        |         1                |         1                | 1
GLUFAST |    11   11       GLUFAST |       111        GLUFAST |111
        |   111  1                 |       111                | 11
        |           1              |       1                  | 1
    200 +    111 11 1          200 +      11              200 +1111
        |      11 11 1             |    11                    | 111
        |   2133333333             |  332                     | 13332 22 2 2
        |3333333333323             |  32                      | 333333232
        |                          |                          |
      0 +                        0 +                        0 +
        -+-----+-----+-            -+-----+-----+-            -+---+---+---+-
       0.71  0.95  1.19             0   1000  2000             0  250 500 750

             RELWT                     GLUTEST                    INSTEST


         (92 gone.)                 (122 gone.)                (110 gone.)
GLUTEST |                  GLUTEST |                  GLUTEST |
   1500 +   111   1           1500 +        1111         1500 +11
        |    11  11                |        111               |11
        |    11    11              |      111 1               | 11
   1000 +     11 11 1         1000 +     11              1000 +1111
        |      11 11 1             |    11                    | 111
        |    12 1112 1             |   21                     | 12 21
    500 +   2222222322         500 +  221                 500 +  222222222 2
        |3333333333333             |  33                      | 333333 3
        |                          |                          |
      0 +                        0 +                        0 +
        -+-----+-----+-            -+-----+-----+-            -+---+---+---+-
       0.71  0.95  1.19             0    200   400             0  250 500 750

             RELWT                     GLUFAST                    INSTEST


         (90 gone.)                 (115 gone.)                (116 gone.)
INSTEST |                  INSTEST |                  INSTEST |
    750 +      2               750 +   2                  750 +   2
        |                          |                          |
        |     2    22              |   2                      |   2
    500 +         23           500 +   31                 500 +  32
        |     3    22              |  32                      |  32
        |    3 2 122 2             |   31                     |  321
    250 +333 3323233 3         250 +  331                 250 +  322
        |3333333333333             |  33111                   |  32211
        | 333333312313             |  331111111               |  33111111
      0 +    11   1              0 +      1  111            0 +      1 11
        -+-----+-----+-            -+-----+-----+-            -+-----+-----+-
       0.71  0.95  1.19             0    200   400             0   1000  2000

             RELWT                     GLUFAST                    GLUTEST

                                Diabetes Data                                2

                        Stepwise Discriminant Analysis

            144 Observations          5 Variable(s) in the Analysis
              3 Class Levels          0 Variable(s) will be included

             The Method for Selecting Variables will be: STEPWISE

             Significance Level to Enter =  0.1500
             Significance Level to Stay  =  0.1500

                           Class Level Information

          GROUP               Frequency        Weight     Proportion

          Chem. Diabetic             36       36.0000       0.250000
          Normal                     76       76.0000       0.527778
          Overt Diabetic             32       32.0000       0.222222

                                Diabetes Data                                3

                        Stepwise Discriminant Analysis

Stepwise Selection:  Step 1

                    Statistics for Entry, DF = 2, 141

            Variable         R**2           F        Prob > F

            RELWT          0.1491         12.353       0.0001
            GLUFAST        0.6676        141.604       0.0001
            GLUTEST        0.7771        245.754       0.0001
            INSTEST        0.2785         27.215       0.0001
            SSPG           0.6164        113.270       0.0001

                      Statistics for Entry, DF = 2, 141

            Variable     Tolerance     Label

            RELWT           1.0000     Relative weight
            GLUFAST         1.0000     Fasting Plasma Glucose
            GLUTEST         1.0000     Test Plasma Glucose
            INSTEST         1.0000     Plasma Insulin during Test
            SSPG            1.0000     Steady State Plasma Glucose

                       Variable GLUTEST will be entered

                 The following variable(s) have been entered:
                                   GLUTEST

                           Multivariate Statistics

 Wilks' Lambda  = 0.22292175    F( 2, 141) =  245.754      Prob > F = 0.0001
 Pillai's Trace =   0.777078    F( 2, 141) =  245.754      Prob > F = 0.0001

              Average Squared Canonical Correlation = 0.38853912

                                Diabetes Data                                4

                        Stepwise Discriminant Analysis

Stepwise Selection:  Step 2

                    Statistics for Removal,  DF = 2, 141

Variable        R**2          F       Prob > F    Label

GLUTEST       0.7771       245.754      0.0001    Test Plasma Glucose


                         No variables can be removed

                         ---------------------------

                    Statistics for Entry, DF = 2, 140

                          Partial
            Variable         R**2           F        Prob > F

            RELWT          0.1567         13.008       0.0001
            GLUFAST        0.3126         31.831       0.0001
            INSTEST        0.2424         22.402       0.0001
            SSPG           0.1609         13.418       0.0001

                      Statistics for Entry, DF = 2, 140

            Variable     Tolerance     Label

            RELWT           0.9953     Relative weight
            GLUFAST         0.0748     Fasting Plasma Glucose
            INSTEST         0.8982     Plasma Insulin during Test
            SSPG            0.3811     Steady State Plasma Glucose

                       Variable GLUFAST will be entered

                 The following variable(s) have been entered:
                              GLUFAST  GLUTEST

                           Multivariate Statistics

 Wilks' Lambda  = 0.15323888    F( 4, 280) =  108.819      Prob > F = 0.0001
 Pillai's Trace =   1.012593    F( 4, 282) =   72.298      Prob > F = 0.0001

              Average Squared Canonical Correlation = 0.50629658

                                Diabetes Data                                5

                        Stepwise Discriminant Analysis

Stepwise Selection:  Step 3

                    Statistics for Removal,  DF = 2, 140

             Partial
Variable        R**2          F       Prob > F    Label

GLUFAST       0.3126        31.831      0.0001    Fasting Plasma Glucose
GLUTEST       0.5390        81.834      0.0001    Test Plasma Glucose


                         No variables can be removed

                         ---------------------------

                    Statistics for Entry, DF = 2, 139

                          Partial
            Variable         R**2           F        Prob > F

            RELWT          0.1673         13.966       0.0001
            INSTEST        0.1779         15.038       0.0001
            SSPG           0.1538         12.633       0.0001

                      Statistics for Entry, DF = 2, 139

            Variable     Tolerance     Label

            RELWT           0.0738     Relative weight
            INSTEST         0.0687     Plasma Insulin during Test
            SSPG            0.0603     Steady State Plasma Glucose

                       Variable INSTEST will be entered

                 The following variable(s) have been entered:
                          GLUFAST  GLUTEST  INSTEST

                           Multivariate Statistics

 Wilks' Lambda  = 0.12598048    F( 6, 278) =   84.206      Prob > F = 0.0001
 Pillai's Trace =   1.151259    F( 6, 280) =   63.300      Prob > F = 0.0001

              Average Squared Canonical Correlation = 0.57562974

                                Diabetes Data                                6

                        Stepwise Discriminant Analysis

Stepwise Selection:  Step 4

                    Statistics for Removal,  DF = 2, 139

             Partial
Variable        R**2          F       Prob > F    Label

GLUFAST       0.2540        23.665      0.0001    Fasting Plasma Glucose
GLUTEST       0.5233        76.290      0.0001    Test Plasma Glucose
INSTEST       0.1779        15.038      0.0001    Plasma Insulin during Test


                         No variables can be removed

                         ---------------------------

                    Statistics for Entry, DF = 2, 138

                          Partial
            Variable         R**2           F        Prob > F

            RELWT          0.1287         10.195       0.0001
            SSPG           0.0870          6.571       0.0019

                      Statistics for Entry, DF = 2, 138

            Variable     Tolerance     Label

            RELWT           0.0686     Relative weight
            SSPG            0.0603     Steady State Plasma Glucose

                        Variable RELWT will be entered

                 The following variable(s) have been entered:
                     RELWT    GLUFAST  GLUTEST  INSTEST

                           Multivariate Statistics

 Wilks' Lambda  = 0.10976250    F( 8, 276) =   69.634      Prob > F = 0.0001
 Pillai's Trace =   1.212762    F( 8, 278) =   53.533      Prob > F = 0.0001

              Average Squared Canonical Correlation = 0.60638112

                                Diabetes Data                                7

                        Stepwise Discriminant Analysis

Stepwise Selection:  Step 5

                    Statistics for Removal,  DF = 2, 138

             Partial
Variable        R**2          F       Prob > F    Label

RELWT         0.1287        10.195      0.0001    Relative weight
GLUFAST       0.2712        25.681      0.0001    Fasting Plasma Glucose
GLUTEST       0.5363        79.806      0.0001    Test Plasma Glucose
INSTEST       0.1398        11.212      0.0001    Plasma Insulin during Test


                         No variables can be removed

                         ---------------------------

                    Statistics for Entry, DF = 2, 137

                          Partial
            Variable         R**2           F        Prob > F

            SSPG           0.0311          2.195       0.1152

                      Statistics for Entry, DF = 2, 137

            Variable     Tolerance     Label

            SSPG            0.0587     Steady State Plasma Glucose

                        Variable SSPG will be entered

                       All variables have been entered

                           Multivariate Statistics

 Wilks' Lambda  = 0.10635415    F( 10, 274) =   56.618      Prob > F = 0.0001
 Pillai's Trace =   1.218529    F( 10, 276) =   43.036      Prob > F = 0.0001

              Average Squared Canonical Correlation = 0.60926468

                                Diabetes Data                                8

                        Stepwise Discriminant Analysis

Stepwise Selection:  Step 6

                    Statistics for Removal,  DF = 2, 137

             Partial
Variable        R**2          F       Prob > F    Label

RELWT         0.0754         5.585      0.0047    Relative weight
GLUFAST       0.2749        25.964      0.0001    Fasting Plasma Glucose
GLUTEST       0.4565        57.537      0.0001    Test Plasma Glucose
INSTEST       0.1222         9.539      0.0001    Plasma Insulin during Test
SSPG          0.0311         2.195      0.1152    Steady State Plasma Glucose


                         No variables can be removed

No further steps are possible

------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Stepwise Selection:  Summary

             Variable        Number  Partial        F        Prob >
  Step  Entered   Removed      In       R**2    Statistic      F
 ------------------------------------------------------------------

     1  GLUTEST                   1   0.7771      245.754    0.0001
     2  GLUFAST                   2   0.3126       31.831    0.0001
     3  INSTEST                   3   0.1779       15.038    0.0001
     4  RELWT                     4   0.1287       10.195    0.0001
     5  SSPG                      5   0.0311        2.195    0.1152

                                                             Average
                                                             Squared
             Variable        Number      Wilks'  Prob <    Canonical  Prob >
  Step  Entered   Removed      In        Lambda  Lambda  Correlation    ASCC
 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     1  GLUTEST                   1  0.22292175  0.0001   0.38853912  0.0001
     2  GLUFAST                   2  0.15323888  0.0001   0.50629658  0.0001
     3  INSTEST                   3  0.12598048  0.0001   0.57562974  0.0001
     4  RELWT                     4  0.10976250  0.0001   0.60638112  0.0001
     5  SSPG                      5  0.10635415  0.0001   0.60926468  0.0001

                                Diabetes Data                                9

                        Stepwise Discriminant Analysis

Stepwise Selection:  Summary

             Variable        Number
  Step  Entered   Removed      In    Label
 ---------------------------------------------------------------

     1  GLUTEST                   1  Test Plasma Glucose
     2  GLUFAST                   2  Fasting Plasma Glucose
     3  INSTEST                   3  Plasma Insulin during Test
     4  RELWT                     4  Relative weight
     5  SSPG                      5  Steady State Plasma Glucose

                                Diabetes Data                               10

                            Discriminant Analysis

                 144 Observations        143 DF Total
                   5 Variables           141 DF Within Classes
                   3 Classes               2 DF Between Classes

                                    Class Level Information

                  Output                                                Prior
GROUP             SAS Name   Frequency      Weight   Proportion   Probability

Chem. Diabetic    CHEM__DI          36     36.0000     0.250000      0.250000
Normal            NORMAL            76     76.0000     0.527778      0.527778
Overt Diabetic    OVERT_DI          32     32.0000     0.222222      0.222222

                                Diabetes Data                               11

        Discriminant Analysis     Pooled Covariance Matrix Information

               Covariance       Natural Log of the Determinant
               Matrix Rank      of the Covariance Matrix

                     5                    27.9565944

                                Diabetes Data                               12

                            Discriminant Analysis

            Pairwise Generalized Squared Distances Between Groups

                2         _   _       -1  _   _
               D (i|j) = (X - X )' COV   (X - X ) - 2 ln PRIOR
                           i   j           i   j              j

                         Generalized Squared Distance to GROUP

     From GROUP          Chem. Diabetic         Normal     Overt Diabetic

     Chem. Diabetic             2.77259        8.75548           17.91094
     Normal                    10.24991        1.27816           32.18418
     Overt Diabetic            17.67538       30.45418            3.00815

                                Diabetes Data                               13

                            Discriminant Analysis

                 Multivariate Statistics and F Approximations

                             S=2    M=1    N=67.5

 Statistic                     Value          F      Num DF    Den DF  Pr > F

 Wilks' Lambda              0.10635415    56.6182        10       274  0.0001
 Pillai's Trace             1.21852936    43.0361        10       276  0.0001
 Hotelling-Lawley Trace     5.34781532    72.7303        10       272  0.0001
 Roy's Greatest Root        4.69753049   129.6518         5       138  0.0001

         NOTE: F Statistic for Roy's Greatest Root is an upper bound.
                NOTE: F Statistic for Wilks' Lambda is exact.

                                Diabetes Data                               14

                       Canonical Discriminant Analysis

                                Adjusted       Approx       Squared
                 Canonical      Canonical     Standard     Canonical
                Correlation    Correlation     Error      Correlation

           1      0.908012       0.904973     0.014677      0.824485
           2      0.627729       0.620018     0.050673      0.394044

                                Eigenvalues of INV(E)*H
                                  = CanRsq/(1-CanRsq)

                 Eigenvalue    Difference    Proportion    Cumulative

            1       4.6975        4.0472       0.8784        0.8784
            2       0.6503         .           0.1216        1.0000

                     Test of H0: The canonical correlations in the
                       current row and all that follow are zero

               Likelihood
                  Ratio      Approx F      Num DF      Den DF    Pr > F

          1    0.10635415     56.6182          10         274    0.0001
          2    0.60595600     22.4348           4         138    0.0001

                          Total Canonical Structure

                      CAN1              CAN2

 RELWT            0.221463          0.525119      Relative weight
 GLUFAST          0.847229         -0.438603      Fasting Plasma Glucose
 GLUTEST          0.953637         -0.263076      Test Plasma Glucose
 INSTEST         -0.178668          0.800011      Plasma Insulin during Test
 SSPG             0.861913          0.099028      Steady State Plasma Glucose

                         Between Canonical Structure

                      CAN1              CAN2

 RELWT            0.520787          0.853686      Relative weight
 GLUFAST          0.941518         -0.336961      Fasting Plasma Glucose
 GLUTEST          0.982296         -0.187336      Test Plasma Glucose
 INSTEST         -0.307408          0.951578      Plasma Insulin during Test
 SSPG             0.996860          0.079179      Steady State Plasma Glucose

                                Diabetes Data                               15

                       Canonical Discriminant Analysis

                      Pooled Within Canonical Structure

                      CAN1              CAN2

 RELWT            0.100581          0.443137      Relative weight
 GLUFAST          0.615655         -0.592205      Fasting Plasma Glucose
 GLUTEST          0.846182         -0.433736      Test Plasma Glucose
 INSTEST         -0.088123          0.733167      Plasma Insulin during Test
 SSPG             0.582992          0.124458      Steady State Plasma Glucose

               Total-Sample Standardized Canonical Coefficients

                      CAN1              CAN2

 RELWT         0.171660562       0.486330604      Relative weight
 GLUFAST      -2.025337524      -2.289141672      Fasting Plasma Glucose
 GLUTEST       3.870561728       2.111323458      Test Plasma Glucose
 INSTEST      -0.001494559       0.722122234      Plasma Insulin during Test
 SSPG          0.413879796      -0.061135776      Steady State Plasma Glucose

           Pooled Within-Class Standardized Canonical Coefficients

                      CAN1              CAN2

 RELWT         0.159466492       0.451783651      Relative weight
 GLUFAST      -1.175914756      -1.329079938      Fasting Plasma Glucose
 GLUTEST       1.840385009       1.003897706      Test Plasma Glucose
 INSTEST      -0.001278454       0.617707510      Plasma Insulin during Test
 SSPG          0.258160425      -0.038133869      Steady State Plasma Glucose

                          Raw Canonical Coefficients

                      CAN1              CAN2

 RELWT         1.339546258       3.795061205      Relative weight
 GLUFAST      -0.033019442      -0.037320288      Fasting Plasma Glucose
 GLUTEST       0.012639775       0.006894775      Test Plasma Glucose
 INSTEST      -0.000012402       0.005992478      Plasma Insulin during Test
 SSPG          0.003895587      -0.000575432      Steady State Plasma Glucose

                      Class Means on Canonical Variables

                       GROUP              CAN1              CAN2

             Chem. Diabetic        0.359708332       1.375608979
             Normal               -1.719294810      -0.400640876
             Overt Diabetic        3.678653300      -0.596038021

                                Diabetes Data                               16

            Discriminant Analysis     Linear Discriminant Function

                  _     -1 _                                          -1 _
   Constant = -.5 X' COV   X  + ln PRIOR      Coefficient Vector = COV   X
                   j        j           j                                 j

                                    GROUP

                     Chem. Diabetic         Normal     Overt Diabetic

        CONSTANT          -65.87520      -48.64280          -80.19343
        RELWT              98.70880       89.18290           95.67216
        GLUFAST            -0.12951        0.00543           -0.16551
        GLUTEST             0.08479        0.04627            0.11315
        INSTEST             0.04511        0.03449            0.03326
        SSPG               -0.08257       -0.08965           -0.06851

                         GROUP

                     Label

        CONSTANT     Steady State Plasma Glucose
        RELWT        Relative weight
        GLUFAST      Fasting Plasma Glucose
        GLUTEST      Test Plasma Glucose
        INSTEST      Plasma Insulin during Test
        SSPG         Steady State Plasma Glucose

                                Diabetes Data                               17

                            Discriminant Analysis

          Classification Summary for Calibration Data: WORK.DIABETES

          Resubstitution Summary using Linear Discriminant Function

              Generalized Squared Distance Function:

               2         _       -1   _
              D (X) = (X-X )' COV  (X-X ) - 2 ln PRIOR
               j          j            j              j

              Posterior Probability of Membership in each GROUP:

                                 2                    2
              Pr(j|X) = exp(-.5 D (X)) / SUM exp(-.5 D (X))
                                 j        k           k

             Number of Observations and Percent Classified into GROUP:

        From GROUP                 Chem. Diabetic               Normal

             Chem. Diabetic                    31                    5
                                            86.11                13.89

             Normal                             3                   73
                                             3.95                96.05

             Overt Diabetic                     5                    1
                                            15.63                 3.13

             Total                             39                   79
             Percent                        27.08                54.86

             Priors                        0.2500               0.5278

             Number of Observations and Percent Classified into GROUP:

        From GROUP                 Overt Diabetic                Total

             Chem. Diabetic                     0                   36
                                             0.00               100.00

             Normal                             0                   76
                                             0.00               100.00

             Overt Diabetic                    26                   32
                                            81.25               100.00

             Total                             26                  144
             Percent                        18.06               100.00

                                Diabetes Data                               18

                            Discriminant Analysis

          Classification Summary for Calibration Data: WORK.DIABETES

          Resubstitution Summary using Linear Discriminant Function

               Error Count Estimates for GROUP:

               Chem. Diabetic       Normal     Overt Diabetic        Total

    Rate               0.1389       0.0395             0.1875       0.0972

    Priors             0.2500       0.5278             0.2222

                                Diabetes Data                               19

                Plot of CAN2*CAN1.  Symbol is value of GROUP.

CAN2 |
     |
   4 +
     |                          C
     |                             C
     |                          C
     |
   3 +                            C
     |                             C
     |                           CC
     |                      N         C
     |
   2 +                                  C
     |                           C         O
     |                        CCC    CO
     |                        C C C
     |                      NN                     O
   1 +                       CCC C
     |                      C  C   C       O     O
     |                    NN        CC           OO
     |             N NN  NNC CC               O
     |             N  NN     C  C               O             O
   0 +              NNNN NC                        OO
     |             NNNNNN N C     O  O           O
     |            NNNNN NN     C             O
     |          N  NNN
     |           NNN N N                                O
  -1 +          N  NN        O                              O        O
     |         NNNN   N
     |        NN   N                           OO             O
     |         N                                                    O
     |        N                                 O                O
  -2 +         N
     |                                                   O
     |
     |                                                        O
     |                                          O
  -3 +
     |
     |                                               O   O
     |
     |
  -4 +
     |
     ---+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+--
       -4         -2          0          2          4          6          8

                                       CAN1

NOTE: 24 obs hidden.