Milestones in the History of Thematic Cartography, Statistical Graphics, and Data Visualization

Category Cross Reference

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Pre-1600	1600s	1700s	1800+	1850+	1900+	1950+	1975+

11  Catgeory cross references

11.1  Content

Astronomy

C1

240BCEratosthenes, 134BCHipparchus, 950Unknown, 1375Cresques, 1530Gemma-Frisius, 1545Gemma-Frisius, 1572Brahe, 1626Scheiner, 1632Galilei, 1809Gauss, 1904Maunder, 1911Hertzsprung.

> Cosmography

C11

134BCHipparchus, 1375Cresques, 1530Gemma-Frisius, 1545Gemma-Frisius, 1572Brahe, 1632Galilei, 1911Hertzsprung.

> Planetary movement

C13

240BCEratosthenes, 950Unknown, 1809Gauss.

> Sunspot

C15

1626Scheiner, 1904Maunder.

Calculation

C2

1550Rheticus, 1663Cardano, 1600sUnknown, 1614Napier, 1623Schickard, 1637Fermat, 1654Pascal, 1693aHalley, 1736Newton, 1750Mayer, 1760Lambert, 1765Lambert, 1767Lambert, 1795Pouchet, 1822Babbage, 1832Herschel, 1846Lalanne, 1846Quetelet, 1884Hollerith, 1885Galton, 1914Brinton, 1920Wright, 1944Harmon, 1957Anderson, 1965Tukey, 1966Pickett, 1969Tukey, 1969Fowlkes, 1972Andrews, 1974Wainer, 1975Ehrenberg, 1977Wainer, 1981Hartigan, 1981Tukey, 1983Riedwyl, 1987Becker, 1990Tukey, 1990Wegman, 1991Friendly, 1991Shneiderman, 1992Friendly, 1999Wilkinson.

Commerce

C3

1654Petty, 1782Crome, 1786Playfair, 1836Angeville, 1851Minard, 1863Jevons, 1874Mayr, 1905Lorenz, 1925Shewhart, 1927Huhn, 1958Phillips, 1975Census, 1976USCensus, 1989Wills.

> External

C31

1782Crome, 1836Angeville, 1863Jevons.

> External > General Economic Wealth

C312

1782Crome, 1836Angeville, 1863Jevons.

> Internal

C32

1654Petty, 1786Playfair, 1851Minard, 1874Mayr, 1905Lorenz, 1925Shewhart, 1927Huhn, 1958Phillips, 1975Census, 1976USCensus, 1989Wills.

> Internal > Agriculture

C321

1786Playfair, 1851Minard, 1874Mayr, 1927Huhn, 1958Phillips.

> Internal > Labour

C323

1786Playfair, 1905Lorenz, 1927Huhn, 1958Phillips.

> Internal > Mining

C324

1851Minard.

> Internal > Resource

C325

1989Wills.

> Internal > Resource > Cotton

C3251

1989Wills.

> Internal > Resource > Iron

C3252

1989Wills.

> Internal > Survey

C327

1654Petty.

Education

C4

1657Huygens, 1748Achenwall, 1758Mayer, 1801Playfair, 1853ISI, 1857ISI, 1857aISI, 1868Levasseur, 1872USCongress, 1872Schwabe, 1877Mayr, 1877aMayr, 1878Marey, 1885Lallemand, 1884Ocagne, 1901ISI, 1910Unknown, 1910Peddle, 1911Roesle, 1913City, 1913Costelloe, 1914Engineers, 1915Association, 1915Fisher, 1916Warne, 1918Cubberly, 1919Ayres, 1920Haskell, 1924Neurath, 1926Eells, 1927Huhn, 1928Henderson, 1931Martin, 1933Unknown, 1935Unknown, 1937Funkhouser, 1967Bertin, 1968Bachi, 1973USBudget, 1973Barabba, 1977Association, 1983Tufte, 1999Wilkinson.

Logic

C5

1305Llull, 1750Mayer, 1752Euler, 1763Bayes, 1880Venn.

Periodic variation

C6

1530Gemma-Frisius, 1581Galilei, 1779Lambert, 1843Lalanne, 1888Cheysson, 1904Maunder, 1988Unwin.

Physical science

C7

6200BCUnknown, 550BCMiletus, 150Ptolemy, 1533Gemma-Frisius, 1556Tartaglia, 1569Mercator, 1570Ortelius, 1603Nautonier, 1617Snell, 1644Langren, 1663Wren, 1686Halley, 1686aHalley, 1701Halley, 1712Hauksbee, 1724Cruquius, 1752Buache, 1778Charpentier, 1779Lambert, 1782Carla-Boniface, 1785Crome, 1796Watt, 1800Howard, 1800Keith, 1801Smith, 1811Humboldt, 1817Humboldt, 1820sFaraday, 1830Faraday, 1838Berghaus, 1843Lalanne, 1843aLalanne, 1861Galton, 1869Mendeleev, 1873Gibbs, 1875Galton, 1878Sylvester, 1910Unknown, 1911Hertzsprung, 1913Moseley, 1928Anderson, 1979Monmonier, 1982Monmonier, 1996Dykes.

> Climate

C71

1617Snell, 1686Halley.

> Geodesy

C72

150Ptolemy, 1556Tartaglia, 1569Mercator, 1603Nautonier, 1644Langren, 1701Halley, 1778Charpentier, 1779Lambert, 1801Smith, 1817Humboldt, 1820sFaraday, 1830Faraday.

> Geodesy > Geology

C722

1556Tartaglia, 1778Charpentier, 1801Smith.

> Geodesy > Geomagnetism

C723

1603Nautonier, 1701Halley, 1820sFaraday, 1830Faraday.

> Geodesy > Latitude

C724

150Ptolemy, 1603Nautonier, 1779Lambert, 1817Humboldt.

> Geodesy > Longitude

C725

150Ptolemy, 1644Langren, 1817Humboldt.

> Geodesy > Rhumb line

C726

1569Mercator.

> Temperature

C73

1663Wren, 1779Lambert, 1800Keith, 1817Humboldt, 1843Lalanne, 1873Gibbs, 1910Unknown, 1911Hertzsprung.

> Topography

C74

6200BCUnknown, 550BCMiletus, 1782Carla-Boniface.

> Weather

C75

1663Wren, 1686aHalley, 1820sFaraday, 1830Faraday, 1843aLalanne, 1861Galton, 1975Cleveland, 1975Chernoff.

Social science

C8

1280Llull, 1662Graunt, 1666Talon, 1669Huygens, 1671Witt, 1687Petty, 1693Halley, 1711Arbuthnot, 1741Sussmilch, 1753Barbeu-Dubourg, 1765Priestley, 1782Fourcroy, 1798Seaman, 1811Humboldt, 1819Dupin, 1821Fourier, 1825Gompertz, 1828Quetelet, 1830Montizon, 1833Guerry, 1833aGuerry, 1833Scrope, 1836Angeville, 1836Parent-Duchatelet, 1839Verhulst, 1843Pritchard, 1852Unknown, 1855Snow, 1857Nightingale, 1869Zeuner, 1869Minard, 1872USCensus, 1874Walker, 1874Vauthier, 1874Galton, 1875Lexis, 1877Bowditch, 1879Perozzo, 1882Bertillon, 1884Mulhall, 1884Hollerith, 1884Abbott, 1885Levasseur, 1892Geddes, 1896Bertillon, 1910Unknown, 1911Roesle, 1913City, 1917Gantt, 1919Ayres, 1924Neurath, 1927Huhn, 1929Berger, 1930vonFoerster, 1969Tukey, 1971Siegel, 1971Biderman, 1972Andrews, 1973Chernoff, 1973USBudget, 1974USCensus, 1975Census, 1975Fienberg, 1976USCensus, 1978Becker, 1990Keiding.

> Annuity

C81

1671Witt, 1741Sussmilch.

> Demographics

C82

1662Graunt, 1666Talon, 1687Petty, 1782Fourcroy, 1821Fourier, 1872USCensus, 1874Walker, 1874Galton, 1875Lexis, 1879Perozzo, 1882Bertillon, 1884Hollerith, 1885Levasseur, 1919Ayres, 1924Neurath, 1973USBudget.

> Epidemiology

C83

1798Seaman, 1855Snow, 1911Roesle, 1973USBudget.

> Health

C84

1798Seaman, 1855Snow, 1857Nightingale, 1877Bowditch, 1911Roesle.

> Literacy

C85

1819Dupin, 1973USBudget.

> Medical

C86

1855Snow, 1973USBudget.

> Military

C87

1857Nightingale, 1869Minard, 1919Ayres.

> Military > Infirmity

C871

1857Nightingale.

> Moral Statistics

C88

1833Guerry, 1833aGuerry, 1833Scrope, 1836Parent-Duchatelet, 1843Pritchard, 1882Bertillon, 1971Siegel, 1973USBudget.

> Moral Statistics > Crime

C881

1833Guerry, 1833aGuerry, 1882Bertillon, 1971Siegel.

> Moral Statistics > Law

C882

1833Guerry.

> Moral Statistics > Prostitution

C883

1833Guerry, 1836Parent-Duchatelet.

> Moral Statistics > Suicide

C884

1833Guerry.

> Mortality

C89

1662Graunt, 1666Talon, 1669Huygens, 1671Witt, 1687Petty, 1693Halley, 1711Arbuthnot, 1825Gompertz, 1828Quetelet, 1875Lexis, 1885Levasseur, 1911Roesle, 1924Neurath.

> Politics

C8A

1280Llull, 1753Barbeu-Dubourg, 1929Berger.

> Population

C8B

1662Graunt, 1666Talon, 1687Petty, 1741Sussmilch, 1811Humboldt, 1821Fourier, 1830Montizon, 1836Angeville, 1839Verhulst, 1869Zeuner, 1872USCensus, 1874Walker, 1874Vauthier, 1879Perozzo, 1885Levasseur, 1896Bertillon, 1910Unknown, 1913City, 1919Ayres, 1924Neurath, 1927Huhn.

Technology

C9

170BCparchment, 105Lun, 1453Gutenberg, 1500Vinci, 1545Gemma-Frisius, 1556Tartaglia, 1572Brahe, 1581Galilei, 1603Scheiner, 1617Snell, 1620Gunter, 1623Schickard, 1646Kirscher, 1663Wren, 1686Halley, 1710Blon, 1727Schulze, 1750Mayer, 1776Monge, 1787Chladni, 1794Buxton, 1796Watt, 1798Senefelder, 1800Howard, 1800Keith, 1822Babbage, 1827Niepce, 1833Wheatstone, 1839Daguerre, 1861Maxwell, 1872Muybridge, 1879Jevons, 1883Unknown, 1884Hollerith, 1895Lumieres, 1899Galton, 1913Hazen, 1923Zworykin, 1929Berger, 1931Martin, 1939Bush, 1944Aiken, 1944Harmon, 1957Backus, 1962Kruskal, 1960sFisher, 1969Barnard, 1969Fowlkes, 1971Biderman, 1974Fishkeller, 1978Becker, 1985Asimov, 1985Inselberg, 1988Buja, 1988Unwin, 1989Wills, 1989Mihalisin, 1990Tierney, 1990Hurley, 1991Swayne, 1994Rao, 1996Dykes, 1999Wilkinson.

> Computing

C91

1822Babbage, 1939Bush, 1944Aiken, 1944Harmon, 1957Backus, 1969Fowlkes, 1974Fishkeller, 1978Becker, 1991Swayne, 1994Rao, 1996Dykes, 1999Wilkinson.

> Material

C93

170BCparchment, 105Lun, 1879Jevons, 1883Unknown, 1899Galton, 1913Hazen, 1931Martin.

> Measurement

C94

1556Tartaglia, 1572Brahe, 1581Galilei, 1617Snell, 1620Gunter, 1686Halley, 1750Mayer, 1884Hollerith.

> Motion

C95

1450Cusa, 1500Vinci, 1787Chladni, 1872Muybridge.

> Photography

C96

1727Schulze, 1827Niepce, 1839Daguerre, 1861Maxwell, 1882Marey.

> Printing

C97

1453Gutenberg, 1710Blon, 1798Senefelder, 1960sFisher.

> Production

C98

1453Gutenberg, 1710Blon, 1833Wheatstone.

> Projection

C99

1646Kirscher, 1776Monge, 1882Marey, 1895Lumieres, 1923Zworykin, 1962Kruskal, 1960sFisher, 1969Barnard, 1985Asimov, 1985Inselberg, 1988Buja, 1988Unwin, 1989Wills, 1989Mihalisin, 1990Tierney, 1990Hurley, 1991Swayne, 1994Rao, 1996Dykes.

> Recording

C9A

1545Gemma-Frisius, 1663Wren, 1794Buxton, 1796Watt, 1800Howard, 1800Keith, 1833Wheatstone, 1872Muybridge, 1879Jevons, 1882Marey, 1929Berger, 1974Fishkeller.

> Reproduction/Copying

C9B

1453Gutenberg, 1603Scheiner, 1710Blon.

Travel

CA

1837Harness, 1844Minard, 1879Cheysson, 1885Marey, 1888Cheysson.

> Ferry

CA1

1879Cheysson, 1885Marey.

> Rail

CA2

1879Cheysson, 1885Marey, 1888Cheysson.

> Road

CA3

1879Cheysson.

11.2  Form

Apparatus

F1

170BCparchment, 105Lun, 1453Gutenberg, 1545Gemma-Frisius, 1581Galilei, 1603Scheiner, 1623Schickard, 1646Kirscher, 1663Wren, 1822Babbage, 1827Niepce, 1833Wheatstone, 1839Daguerre, 1872Muybridge, 1882Marey, 1882Bertillon, 1884Hollerith, 1895Lumieres, 1899Galton, 1923Zworykin, 1929Berger, 1939Bush, 1944Aiken, 1944Harmon, 1957Backus, 1960sFisher, 1971Biderman.

Chart

F2

134BCHipparchus, 1857Nightingale, 1917Gantt, 1925Shewhart, 1969Tukey, 1975Census, 1975Ehrenberg, 1976USCensus, 1978Becker.

> Box plot

F21

1969Tukey, 1975Census, 1976USCensus, 1978Becker.

> Control chart

F23

1925Shewhart.

> Coxcomb

F25

1857Nightingale.

> Gantt chart

F28

1917Gantt.

> Polar area chart

F29

(See: Coxcomb ) 1857Nightingale.

> Star chart

F2C

134BCHipparchus.

Coordinates

F3

1350Oresme, 1500Vinci, 1637Fermat, 1663Wren, 1736Newton, 1794Buxton, 1843aLalanne, 1873Gibbs, 1885Lallemand, 1884Ocagne, 1985Inselberg.

> Cartesian coordinates

F31

1794Buxton, 1884Ocagne.

> Coordinate system

F32

1350Oresme, 1637Fermat.

> Parallel coordinates

F35

1885Lallemand, 1884Ocagne, 1985Inselberg.

> Polar coordinates

F36

1663Wren, 1736Newton, 1843aLalanne.

> Rectangular coordinates

F37

1500Vinci.

> Trilinear coordinates

F38

1873Gibbs.

Curve

F4

1686Halley, 1760Lambert, 1821Fourier, 1825Gompertz, 1828Quetelet, 1832Herschel, 1839Verhulst, 1846Quetelet, 1885Galton, 1905Lorenz, 1913Hazen, 1916Warne, 1958Phillips, 1966Pickett.

> Curve fitting

F41

1760Lambert, 1832Herschel.

> Empirical curves

F42

1825Gompertz, 1905Lorenz, 1958Phillips.

> Empirical curves > Gompertz curve

F422

1825Gompertz.

> Empirical curves > Lorenz curve

F423

1905Lorenz.

> Empirical curves > Phillips curve

F424

1958Phillips.

> Mathematical curves

F43

1821Fourier, 1839Verhulst, 1846Quetelet, 1885Galton, 1913Hazen.

> Mathematical curves > Cumulative frequency

F434

(See: Ogive ) 1821Fourier.

> Mathematical curves > Curve of possibility

F435

(See: Normal curve ) 1846Quetelet.

> Mathematical curves > Logistic curve

F437

1839Verhulst.

> Mathematical curves > Normal curve

F438

1846Quetelet, 1885Galton.

> Mathematical curves > Ogive curve

F439

1821Fourier, 1913Hazen.

Diagram

F5

1280Llull, 1305Llull, 1533Gemma-Frisius, 1693aHalley, 1758Mayer, 1782Fourcroy, 1785Crome, 1787Chladni, 1795Pouchet, 1798Senefelder, 1811Humboldt, 1820sFaraday, 1830Faraday, 1844Minard, 1846Lalanne, 1851Minard, 1861Galton, 1868Levasseur, 1869Zeuner, 1873Gibbs, 1874Walker, 1874Galton, 1875Lexis, 1875Galton, 1877Mayr, 1877aMayr, 1878Sylvester, 1879Perozzo, 1880Venn, 1885Lallemand, 1884Ocagne, 1885Levasseur, 1885Marey, 1892Geddes, 1896Bertillon, 1904Maunder, 1910Peddle, 1911Hertzsprung, 1920Wright, 1924Neurath, 1928Henderson, 1928Anderson, 1933Unknown, 1957Anderson, 1967Bertin, 1968Bachi, 1971Biderman, 1973Barabba, 1975Ehrenberg, 1977Wainer, 1979Monmonier, 1983Riedwyl, 1990Tukey, 1990Keiding, 1991Shneiderman.

> Alignment diagram

F51

1884Ocagne.

> Area diagram

F52

1693aHalley, 1877Mayr, 1885Levasseur, 1896Bertillon.

> Area diagram > Area rectangle

F521

1693aHalley, 1896Bertillon.

> Butterfly diagram

F53

1904Maunder.

> Chladni diagram

F55

1787Chladni.

> Colour diagram

F56

1758Mayer.

> Correlation diagram

F57

1874Galton, 1875Galton, 1979Monmonier.

> Glyph

F59

1533Gemma-Frisius, 1928Anderson, 1957Anderson, 1966Pickett.

> Glyph > Circular glyph

F591

1957Anderson.

> Glyph > Multivariate rectangular glyph

F593

1928Anderson.

> Glyph > Triangular glyph

F594

1533Gemma-Frisius, 1966Pickett.

> Hertzsprung-Russell diagram

F5A

1911Hertzsprung.

> International System of Typographic Picture Education

F5B

(See: Isotype ) 1924Neurath, 1933Unknown.

> Isotype

F5C

1924Neurath, 1933Unknown.

> Lexis diagram

F5D

1875Lexis.

> Lexis pencil

F5E

1875Lexis, 1990Keiding.

> Mechanical diagram

F5F

1305Llull.

> Nomogram

F5G

1795Pouchet, 1846Lalanne, 1885Lallemand, 1928Henderson.

> Nomogram > Multifunction nomogram

F5G3

1885Lallemand.

> Path diagram

F5H

1920Wright.

> Polar diagram

F5J

1877aMayr.

> Proportional

F5K

1782Fourcroy, 1851Minard, 1877Mayr.

> Proportional > Proportional circle

F5K1

1851Minard.

> Proportional > Proportional divided square

F5K2

1877Mayr.

> Rectangle

F5L

1977Wainer, 1983Riedwyl, 1991Shneiderman.

> Square

F5N

1782Fourcroy, 1785Crome, 1811Humboldt, 1874Walker, 1877Mayr.

> Square > Superimposed square

F5N1

1782Fourcroy, 1785Crome, 1811Humboldt.

> Stereogram

F5O

1869Zeuner, 1879Perozzo.

> Textured dot strip diagram

F5P

1990Tukey.

> Treemap

F5Q

1991Shneiderman.

> Triangular diagram

F5R

1280Llull.

> Venn diagram

F5S

1880Venn.

> Zeuner diagram

F5T

(See: Stereogram ) 1869Zeuner.

Graph

F6

950Unknown, 1350Oresme, 1450Cusa, 1663Wren, 1669Huygens, 1712Hauksbee, 1724Cruquius, 1763Bayes, 1767Lambert, 1779Lambert, 1786Playfair, 1800Howard, 1800Keith, 1801Playfair, 1811Humboldt, 1817Humboldt, 1820sFaraday, 1830Faraday, 1832Herschel, 1833Guerry, 1838Berghaus, 1843aLalanne, 1846Quetelet, 1851Minard, 1857aISI, 1874Walker, 1874Galton, 1878Sylvester, 1879Perozzo, 1879Cheysson, 1884Mulhall, 1910Unknown, 1914Brinton, 1916Warne, 1926Eells, 1927Huhn, 1958Phillips, 1965Tukey, 1967Bertin, 1968Bachi, 1969Tukey, 1971Biderman, 1973Barabba, 1974Wainer, 1975Cleveland, 1975Ehrenberg, 1981Tukey, 1990Tierney.

> Bar chart

F61

(See: Bar graph ) 1350Oresme, 1786Playfair, 1811Humboldt, 1833Guerry, 1879Cheysson, 1914Brinton, 1916Warne, 1926Eells, 1927Huhn.

> Bar chart > Composite bar chart

F611

(See: Ranger bar graph ) 1811Humboldt, 1926Eells, 1927Huhn.

> Bar chart > Composite bar graph

F612

1811Humboldt.

> Bar chart > Proto-bar

F615

1350Oresme.

> Bar chart > Range bar chart

F616

(See: Range bar graph ) 1926Eells, 1927Huhn.

> Bar graph

F62

1350Oresme, 1786Playfair, 1811Humboldt, 1833Guerry, 1879Cheysson, 1914Brinton, 1916Warne, 1926Eells, 1927Huhn.

> Circle graph

F63

1801Playfair, 1916Warne.

> Graphical perception

F65

1967Bertin, 1968Bachi.

> Histogram

F66

1846Quetelet, 1874Walker, 1965Tukey, 1969Tukey, 1974Wainer.

> Histogram > Bilateral histogram

F662

1874Walker.

> Histogram > Hanging histogram

F663

1969Tukey, 1974Wainer.

> Histogram > Hanging rootogram

F664

1965Tukey, 1969Tukey, 1974Wainer.

> Layout

F67

1981Tukey, 1990Tierney.

> Layout > Scatterplot matrix

F673

1975Cleveland, 1981Tukey.

> Layout > Trellis display

F676

1990Tierney.

> Line chart

F68

(See: Line graph ) 1767Lambert, 1786Playfair, 1879Cheysson.

> Line graph

F69

1712Hauksbee, 1724Cruquius, 1767Lambert, 1786Playfair, 1879Cheysson.

> Line graph > Abstract line graph

F691

1724Cruquius.

> Line graph > Literal line graph

F692

1712Hauksbee.

> Pictogram

F6B

(See: Pictograph ) 1884Mulhall, 1914Brinton.

> Pictograph

F6C

1884Mulhall, 1914Brinton.

> Pie chart

F6D

1801Playfair, 1851Minard.

> Pyramid

F6E

1879Perozzo.

> Scatter diagram

F6F

(See: Scatter plot ) 1958Phillips.

> Scatter graph

F6G

(See: Scatter plot ) 1832Herschel, 1958Phillips, 1975Cleveland.

> Scatter plot

F6H

1832Herschel, 1958Phillips, 1975Cleveland.

> Scattergraph

F6I

(See: Scatter plot ) 1832Herschel, 1958Phillips, 1975Cleveland.

> Scatterplot

F6J

(See: Scatter plot ) 1832Herschel, 1958Phillips, 1975Cleveland.

> Semi-graph

F6K

1779Lambert.

> Semigraphic scatterplot

F6L

1874Galton.

> Time-series graph

F6N

1800Keith.

Grid

F7

1794Buxton, 1800Howard, 1832Herschel, 1846Lalanne, 1863Jevons, 1879Jevons, 1883Unknown, 1885Lallemand, 1899Galton, 1913Hazen, 1930vonFoerster, 1931Martin, 1975Ehrenberg.

> Grid paper

F72

1794Buxton, 1800Howard, 1832Herschel, 1879Jevons, 1883Unknown, 1899Galton, 1913Hazen, 1930vonFoerster, 1931Martin.

> Grid paper > Arithmetic probability paper

F721

1883Unknown, 1913Hazen.

> Grid paper > Coordinate paper

F722

1794Buxton, 1800Howard.

> Grid paper > Log paper

F723

(See: Logarithmic paper ) 1883Unknown.

> Grid paper > Log-square paper

F725

1899Galton.

> Grid paper > Logarithmic paper

F726

1883Unknown, 1930vonFoerster.

> Hexagonal grid

F73

1885Lallemand.

> Semilogarithmic grid

F74

1863Jevons.

History

F8

170BCparchment, 134BCHipparchus, 105Lun, 1375Cresques, 1453Gutenberg, 1530Gemma-Frisius, 1545Gemma-Frisius, 1663Cardano, 1572Brahe, 1657Huygens, 1710Blon, 1727Schulze, 1753Barbeu-Dubourg, 1765Priestley, 1820sFaraday, 1830Faraday, 1852Unknown, 1853ISI, 1857ISI, 1857aISI, 1868Levasseur, 1872USCongress, 1872USCensus, 1872Schwabe, 1878Marey, 1879Cheysson, 1884Abbott, 1885Levasseur, 1901ISI, 1910Unknown, 1910Peddle, 1911Roesle, 1913City, 1913Costelloe, 1914Engineers, 1915Association, 1918Cubberly, 1920Haskell, 1924Neurath, 1930vonFoerster, 1935Unknown, 1937Funkhouser, 1971Biderman, 1973USBudget, 1973Barabba, 1975Census, 1975Ehrenberg, 1976USCensus, 1977Association, 1999Wilkinson.

> Calendar

F81

1375Cresques.

> Calendar > Perpetual calendar

F811

1375Cresques.

> Historical

F82

(See: History ) 1663Cardano, 1657Huygens, 1820sFaraday, 1830Faraday, 1853ISI, 1857ISI, 1857aISI, 1868Levasseur, 1872USCongress, 1872USCensus, 1872Schwabe, 1878Marey, 1879Cheysson, 1884Abbott, 1885Levasseur, 1901ISI, 1910Unknown, 1910Peddle, 1911Roesle, 1914Engineers, 1915Association, 1920Haskell, 1924Neurath, 1973USBudget, 1973Barabba, 1975Census, 1975Ehrenberg, 1976USCensus, 1977Association, 1999Wilkinson.

> Historical > Historical book

F821

1663Cardano, 1657Huygens, 1820sFaraday, 1830Faraday, 1868Levasseur, 1878Marey, 1879Cheysson, 1884Abbott, 1910Unknown, 1910Peddle, 1920Haskell, 1973USBudget, 1975Census, 1976USCensus, 1999Wilkinson.

> Historical > Historical committee

F822

1872USCongress, 1872USCensus, 1914Engineers, 1915Association, 1973Barabba.

> Historical > Historical conference

F823

1853ISI, 1857ISI, 1857aISI, 1872Schwabe, 1911Roesle.

> Historical > Historical group

F825

1885Levasseur, 1901ISI, 1924Neurath, 1977Association.

> Historical > Historical group > International Statistical Institute

F8251

1901ISI.

> Historical > Historical test

F827

1727Schulze, 1975Ehrenberg.

> Time line

F83

(See: Timeline ) 1753Barbeu-Dubourg, 1765Priestley.

> Timeline

F84

1753Barbeu-Dubourg, 1765Priestley.

Line

F9

1765Lambert, 1885Galton, 1913Hazen, 1975Ehrenberg.

> Line between two points

F9A

1885Galton.

> Tangent line

F9K

1885Galton.

Map

FB

6200BCUnknown, 550BCMiletus, 335BCPeutinger, 150Ptolemy, 1375Cresques, 1556Tartaglia, 1569Mercator, 1570Ortelius, 1603Nautonier, 1654Petty, 1686aHalley, 1701Halley, 1752Buache, 1778Charpentier, 1782Crome, 1782Carla-Boniface, 1798Senefelder, 1798Seaman, 1801Smith, 1817Humboldt, 1819Dupin, 1830Montizon, 1833Guerry, 1833Scrope, 1836Angeville, 1836Parent-Duchatelet, 1837Harness, 1838Berghaus, 1843Lalanne, 1843Pritchard, 1851Minard, 1855Snow, 1857aISI, 1861Galton, 1869Minard, 1872USCensus, 1874Vauthier, 1874Mayr, 1879Cheysson, 1885Lallemand, 1888Cheysson, 1960sFisher, 1982Monmonier, 1989Wills, 1996Dykes.

> Atlas

FB1

335BCPeutinger, 1375Cresques, 1570Ortelius, 1838Berghaus.

> Projection

FB3

150Ptolemy, 1569Mercator.

> Projection > Cylindrical projection

FB32

1569Mercator.

> Scope

FB4

550BCMiletus, 335BCPeutinger, 1375Cresques, 1603Nautonier, 1654Petty, 1686aHalley, 1752Buache, 1782Crome, 1833Scrope, 1837Harness, 1843Pritchard, 1874Mayr, 1982Monmonier.

> Scope > Continent

FB41

1782Crome.

> Scope > Country

FB42

335BCPeutinger, 1837Harness, 1874Mayr, 1982Monmonier.

> Scope > Town

FB44

6200BCUnknown.

> Scope > World

FB45

550BCMiletus, 1375Cresques, 1603Nautonier, 1686aHalley, 1752Buache, 1833Scrope, 1843Pritchard.

> Thematic map

FB5

1375Cresques, 1603Nautonier, 1701Halley, 1752Buache, 1782Crome, 1782Carla-Boniface, 1798Seaman, 1801Smith, 1817Humboldt, 1819Dupin, 1830Montizon, 1833Guerry, 1833Scrope, 1836Parent-Duchatelet, 1837Harness, 1843Lalanne, 1855Snow, 1857aISI, 1861Galton, 1869Minard, 1872USCensus, 1874Vauthier, 1874Mayr, 1879Cheysson, 1888Cheysson, 1960sFisher, 1982Monmonier.

> Thematic map > Anamorphic map

FB51

1888Cheysson.

> Thematic map > Chloropleth

FB52

1798Seaman, 1819Dupin, 1833Guerry, 1857aISI, 1872USCensus, 1960sFisher.

> Thematic map > Chloropleth > Cartogram

FB521

1819Dupin, 1857aISI, 1872USCensus.

> Thematic map > Dasymetric map

FB53

1833Scrope.

> Thematic map > Dot map

FB54

1830Montizon, 1855Snow.

> Thematic map > Flow map

FB55

1837Harness, 1869Minard, 1879Cheysson.

> Thematic map > Isarithmic map

FB57

1701Halley, 1752Buache, 1817Humboldt, 1843Lalanne, 1874Vauthier.

> Thematic map > Isarithmic map > Contour map

FB571

(See: Isograph ) 1701Halley, 1752Buache, 1843Lalanne, 1874Vauthier.

> Thematic map > Isarithmic map > Isogram

FB572

(See: Isograph ) 1701Halley, 1752Buache, 1843Lalanne, 1874Vauthier.

> Thematic map > Isarithmic map > Isograph

FB573

1701Halley, 1752Buache, 1817Humboldt, 1843Lalanne, 1874Vauthier.

> Thematic map > Isarithmic map > Isopleth

FB574

1817Humboldt, 1874Vauthier.

> Thematic map > Proportional Symbol

FB59

1861Galton.

> Thematic map > Two-variable map

FB5B

1874Mayr.

> Thematic map > Visibility base map

FB5C

1982Monmonier.

Mathematics

FC

240BCEratosthenes, 1533Gemma-Frisius, 1550Rheticus, 1663Cardano, 1600sUnknown, 1614Napier, 1617Snell, 1620Gunter, 1632Galilei, 1637Fermat, 1654Pascal, 1657Huygens, 1669Huygens, 1687Petty, 1693aHalley, 1711Arbuthnot, 1741Sussmilch, 1748Achenwall, 1750Mayer, 1763Bayes, 1765Lambert, 1776Monge, 1809Gauss, 1825Gompertz, 1846Lalanne, 1875Galton, 1878Sylvester, 1884Ocagne, 1885Galton, 1913Moseley, 1915Fisher, 1944Harmon, 1965Tukey, 1969Tukey, 1969Fowlkes, 1974USCensus, 1979Monmonier, 1985Asimov.

> Atomic number

FC2

1913Moseley.

> Geometry

FC6

240BCEratosthenes, 1637Fermat, 1776Monge, 1884Ocagne.

> Geometry > Analytic Geometry

FC61

1637Fermat.

> Geometry > Descriptive Geometry

FC62

240BCEratosthenes, 1776Monge.

> Matrix

FC7

1878Sylvester, 1974USCensus.

> Statistics

FC8

1533Gemma-Frisius, 1663Cardano, 1600sUnknown, 1614Napier, 1617Snell, 1620Gunter, 1632Galilei, 1654Pascal, 1657Huygens, 1669Huygens, 1687Petty, 1693aHalley, 1711Arbuthnot, 1741Sussmilch, 1748Achenwall, 1750Mayer, 1763Bayes, 1765Lambert, 1809Gauss, 1825Gompertz, 1846Lalanne, 1875Galton, 1877Bowditch, 1885Galton, 1915Fisher, 1944Harmon, 1965Tukey, 1969Tukey, 1969Fowlkes, 1979Monmonier, 1985Asimov.

> Statistics > Quantitative statistics

FC83

1663Cardano, 1614Napier, 1620Gunter, 1654Pascal, 1657Huygens, 1669Huygens, 1693aHalley, 1711Arbuthnot, 1750Mayer, 1765Lambert, 1809Gauss, 1825Gompertz, 1846Lalanne, 1875Galton, 1877Bowditch, 1885Galton, 1915Fisher, 1969Fowlkes, 1975Cleveland.

> Statistics > Quantitative statistics > Beta density

FC831

1763Bayes.

> Statistics > Quantitative statistics > Correlation

FC832

1663Cardano, 1875Galton, 1877Bowditch, 1885Galton.

> Statistics > Quantitative statistics > Least squares

FC834

1809Gauss.

> Statistics > Quantitative statistics > Logarithm

FC835

1614Napier, 1620Gunter, 1846Lalanne.

> Statistics > Quantitative statistics > Mean

FC836

1975Cleveland.

> Statistics > Quantitative statistics > Measurement error

FC837

1750Mayer, 1765Lambert.

> Statistics > Quantitative statistics > Median

FC838

1669Huygens, 1975Cleveland.

> Statistics > Quantitative statistics > Midmean

FC839

1975Cleveland.

> Statistics > Quantitative statistics > Probability

FC83C

1654Pascal, 1657Huygens, 1693aHalley, 1825Gompertz, 1969Fowlkes.

> Statistics > Quantitative statistics > Sampling distribution

FC83D

1711Arbuthnot, 1915Fisher.

> Statistics > Quantitative statistics > Statistical significance

FC83E

1711Arbuthnot.

> Statistics > Statistical Methods

FC84

1533Gemma-Frisius, 1617Snell, 1632Galilei, 1877Bowditch, 1885Galton, 1915Fisher, 1944Harmon, 1965Tukey, 1969Tukey, 1979Monmonier, 1985Asimov.

> Statistics > Statistical Methods > Analysis of variance

FC841

1915Fisher.

> Statistics > Statistical Methods > Correlation

FC844

1979Monmonier.

> Statistics > Statistical Methods > Exploratory data analysis

FC845

1965Tukey, 1969Tukey.

> Statistics > Statistical Methods > Factor analysis

FC846

1944Harmon.

> Statistics > Statistical Methods > Interpolation

FC847

1985Asimov.

> Statistics > Statistical Methods > Regression

FC849

1877Bowditch, 1885Galton.

> Statistics > Statistical Methods > Triangulation

FC84B

1533Gemma-Frisius, 1617Snell.

> Trigonometry

FC9

1550Rheticus, 1846Lalanne.

Pattern

FD

1787Chladni.

> Vibration pattern

FD3

1787Chladni.

Perspective

FE

1752Euler, 1884Abbott, 1885Levasseur, 1981Furnas, 1985Asimov, 1989Mihalisin, 1990Keiding, 1991Shneiderman, 1994Rao.

> Fisheye view

FE1

1981Furnas.

> Nested dimension

FE2

1989Mihalisin, 1991Shneiderman.

> Table lens

FE3

1994Rao.

> Three-dimension

FE4

1752Euler, 1884Abbott, 1885Levasseur, 1990Keiding.

> Two-dimension

FE5

1985Asimov.

Plot

FF

1686Halley, 1844Minard, 1846Lalanne, 1874Walker, 1877aMayr, 1879Cheysson, 1884Ocagne, 1911Hertzsprung, 1969Tukey, 1975Chernoff, 1975Ehrenberg, 1981Tukey, 1987Becker, 1988Buja, 1989Mihalisin, 1990Wegman, 1991Friendly.

> Bivariate plot

FF1

1686Halley.

> Chernoff face

FF2

(See: Face plot ) 1973Chernoff, 1975Chernoff.

> Conditional plot

FF3

1981Tukey.

> Coplot

FF4

1981Tukey.

> Face plot

FF6

1973Chernoff, 1975Chernoff.

> Fourier function plot

FF7

1972Andrews.

> Frequency polygon

FF8

1874Walker.

> Irregular polygon

FF9

(See: Star plot ) 1971Siegel.

> Log-log plot

FFA

1846Lalanne, 1911Hertzsprung.

> Logarithmic plot

FFB

(See: Log-log plot ) 1846Lalanne, 1911Hertzsprung.

> Mosaic display

FFC

(See: Mosaic plot ) 1844Minard, 1874Walker, 1879Cheysson, 1989Mihalisin, 1991Friendly.

> Mosaic plot

FFD

1844Minard, 1874Walker, 1879Cheysson, 1989Mihalisin, 1991Friendly.

> Parallel coordinates plot

FFE

1884Ocagne, 1990Wegman.

> Star plot

FFF

1877aMayr, 1971Siegel.

> Stem-leaf plot

FFG

1767Lambert, 1969Tukey.

> Trellis display

FFH

1981Tukey, 1989Mihalisin.

Table

FG

1450Cusa, 1550Rheticus, 1600sUnknown, 1603Nautonier, 1614Napier, 1662Graunt, 1666Talon, 1669Huygens, 1671Witt, 1686Halley, 1693Halley, 1760Lambert, 1765Lambert, 1779Lambert, 1795Pouchet, 1822Babbage, 1828Quetelet, 1833aGuerry, 1836Parent-Duchatelet, 1838Berghaus, 1843Lalanne, 1869Mendeleev, 1913Moseley, 1930vonFoerster, 1975Fienberg, 1975Ehrenberg, 1977Wainer, 1983Riedwyl, 1994Rao, 1996Dykes.

> 2 x 2 table

FG1

1975Fienberg, 1977Wainer.

> Contingency table

FG2

1983Riedwyl.

> Empirical data table

FG4

1600sUnknown.

> Logarithmic table

FG5

1614Napier.

> Mathematical table

FG6

1822Babbage.

> Multiplication table

FG7

1795Pouchet.

> Periodic table

FG8

1869Mendeleev, 1913Moseley.

> Trigonometric table

FG9

1550Rheticus.

> Bivariate data

FGB

1450Cusa, 1686Halley, 1796Watt, 1896Bertillon, 1975Fienberg, 1979Monmonier.

> Categorical data

FGC

1983Riedwyl, 1991Friendly, 1992Friendly.

> Empirical data

FGE

1600sUnknown, 1686Halley, 1760Lambert, 1767Lambert, 1828Quetelet.

> Multivariate data

FGG

1928Anderson, 1957Anderson, 1966Pickett, 1969Barnard, 1971Siegel, 1972Andrews, 1973Chernoff, 1985Asimov, 1985Inselberg, 1987Becker, 1988Buja, 1989Mihalisin, 1990Hurley, 1990Keiding, 1990Wegman.

> Ordinal data

FGI

1833aGuerry.

> Time series data

FGK

1450Cusa, 1836Parent-Duchatelet, 1988Unwin.

Visual

FH

1626Scheiner, 1644Langren, 1710Blon, 1752Euler, 1758Mayer, 1787Chladni, 1843Lalanne, 1861Maxwell, 1869Zeuner, 1874Mayr, 1879Perozzo, 1919Ayres, 1960sFisher, 1974USCensus, 1974Fishkeller, 1978Newton, 1982McDonald, 1982Monmonier, 1983Tufte, 1985Asimov, 1987Becker, 1988Buja, 1988Unwin, 1989Wills, 1989Mihalisin, 1990Tierney, 1990Hurley, 1991Friendly, 1991Swayne, 1994Rao.

> Colour

FH1

1710Blon, 1758Mayer, 1819Dupin, 1861Maxwell, 1874Mayr, 1974USCensus, 1981Furnas.

> Colour > Black and white

FH11

1819Dupin.

> Colour > Colour

FH12

1758Mayer, 1874Mayr, 1974USCensus, 1981Furnas.

> Colour > Trichromatic process

FH13

1710Blon, 1861Maxwell.

> Display

FH2

1626Scheiner, 1919Ayres, 1981Tukey, 1983Tufte.

> Display > Data-ink ratio

FH21

1983Tufte.

> Display > Lie Factor

FH23

1983Tufte.

> Display > Semi-graphic display

FH25

1919Ayres.

> Display > Small multiples

FH26

1626Scheiner.

> Dynamic

FH3

1962Kruskal, 1990Tierney.

> Interactive

FH4

1969Fowlkes, 1974Fishkeller, 1978Newton, 1982McDonald, 1987Becker, 1988Buja, 1988Unwin, 1989Wills, 1990Hurley, 1991Swayne, 1994Rao.

> Interactive > Brushing

FH41

1978Newton, 1982McDonald, 1987Becker, 1988Buja.

> Interactive > Linking

FH42

1978Newton, 1987Becker, 1988Buja.

> Orientation

FH5

1752Euler, 1758Mayer, 1843Lalanne, 1869Zeuner, 1879Perozzo, 1974Fishkeller, 1982McDonald, 1982Monmonier, 1985Asimov, 1989Mihalisin.

> Orientation > 1-D

FH51

1982Monmonier.

> Orientation > 2-D

FH52

1758Mayer, 1985Asimov, 1991Friendly.

> Orientation > 3-D

FH53

1752Euler, 1758Mayer, 1843Lalanne, 1869Zeuner, 1879Perozzo, 1974Fishkeller, 1982McDonald.

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